Bennett's New Latin Grammar is a book, now in the public domain, written by the famous Charles E. Bennett. I have made this version available online. Of course there may be errors, so use at your own risk.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
115. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations, - the Active and the Passive. The Active is formed by combining the Future Active Participle with the auxiliary sum, the Passive by combining the Gerundive with the same auxiliary.
|
Active Periphrastic Conjugation. INDICATIVE MOOD. |
|
| Pres. | amātūrus (-a, -um) sum, I am about to love. |
| Inf. | amātūrus eram, I was about to love. |
| Fut. | amātūrus erō, I shall be about to love. |
| Perf. | amātūrus fuī, I have been (was) about to love. |
| Plup. | amātūrus fueram, I had been about to love. |
| Fut. P. | amātūrus fuerō, I shall have been about to love. |
|
SUBJUNCTIVE. |
|
| Pres. | amātūrus sim, may I be about to love. |
| Imp. | amātūrus essem, I should be about to love. |
| Perf. | amātūrus fuerim, I may have been about to love. |
| Plup. | amātūrus fuissem, I should have been about to love. |
|
INFINITIVE. |
|
| Pres. | amātūrus esse, to be about to love. |
| Perf. | amātūrus fuisse, to have been about to love. |
|
Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. INDICATIVE. |
|
| Pres. | amandus (-a, -um) sum, I am to be loved, must be loved. |
| Imp. | amandus eram, I was to be loved. |
| Fut. | amandus erō, I shall deserve to be loved. |
| Perf. | amandus fuī, I was to be loved. |
| Plup. | amandus fueram, I had deserved to be loved. |
| Fut. P. | amandus fuerō, I shall have deserved to be loved. |
|
SUBJUNCTIVE. |
|
| Pres. | amandus sim, may I deserve to be loved. |
| Imp. | amandus essem, I should deserve to be loved. |
| Perf. | amandus fuerim, I may have deserved to be loved. |
| Plup. | amendus fuissem, I should have deserved to be loved. |
|
INFINITIVE. |
|
| Pres. | amandus esse, to deserve to be loved. |
| Perf. | amantus fuisse, to have deserved to be loved. |
PECULIARITIES OF CONJUGATION.
116. 1. Perfects in -āvī, -ēvī, and -īvī, with the forms derived from them, often drop the ve or vi before endings beginning with r or s. So also nōvī (from nōscō) and the compounds of mōvī (from moveō). Thus: -
| amāvistī | amāstī | dēlēvistī | dēlēstī |
| amāvisse | amāsse | dēlēvisse | dēlēsse |
| amāvērunt | amārunt | dēlēvērunt | dēlērunt |
| amāverim | amārim | dēlēverim | dēlērim |
| amāveram | amāram | dēlēveram | dēlēram |
| amāverō | amārō | dēlēverō | dēlērō |
| nōvistī | nōstī | nōverim | nōrim |
| nōvisse | nōsse | nōveram | nōram |
| audīvistī | audīstī | audīvisse | audīsse |
2. In the Gerund and Gerundive of the Third and Fourth Conjugations, the endings -undus, -undī, often occur instead of -endus and -endī, as faciundus, faciundī.
3. Dīcō, dūcō, faciō, form the Imperatives, dīc, dūc, fac. But compounds of faciō form the Imperative in -fice, as cōnfice. Compounds of dīcō, dūcō, accent the ultima; as, ēdū´c, ēdī´c.
4. Archaic and Poetic forms: -
a. The ending -ier in the Present Infinitive Passive; as, amārier, monērier, dīcier, for amārī, monērī, dīcī.
b. The ending -ībam for -iēbam in Imperfects of the Fourth Conjugation, and -ībō for -iam in Futures; as, scībam, scībō, for sciēbam, sciam.
c. Instead of the fuller forms, in such words as dīxistī, scrīpsistis, surrēxisse, we sometimes find dīxtī, scrīpstis, surrēxe, etc.
d. The endings -im, -īs, etc. (for -am, -ās, etc.) occur in a few Subjunctive forms; as, edim (eat), duint, perduint.
5. In the Future Active and Perfect Passive Infinitive, the auxiliary esse is often omitted; as, āctūrum for ācturum esse; ējectus for ējectus esse.
FORMATION OF THE VERB STEMS.
117. Many verbs employ the simple Verb Stem for the Present Stem;[39] as, dīcere, amāre, monēre, audīre. Others modify the Verb Stem to form the Present, as follows: -
1. By appending the vowels, ā, ē, ī; as, -
| Present Stem | Verb Stem | |
| juvāre, | juvā- | juv-. |
| augēre, | augē- | aug-. |
| vincīre, | vincī- | vinc-. |
2. By adding i, as capiō, Present Stem capi- (Verb Stem cap-).
3. By the insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant of the Verb Stem; as, fundō (Stem fud-), rumpō (Stem rup-).
4. By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as, -
| cern-ō | pell-ō (for pel-nō). |
5. By appending t to the Verb Stem; as, -
| flect-ō. |
6. By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as, -
| crēsc-ō. | scīsc-ō. |
7. By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the Verb Stem with i; as, -
| gi-gn-ō (root gen-), | si-st-ō (root sta-). |
118. The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem -
1. By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as, -
| amāv-ī, | dēlēv-ī, | audīv-ī. |
2. By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as, -
| strepu-ī, | genu-ī, | alu-ī. |
3. By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as, -
| carp-ō, | Perfect | carps-ī. |
| scrīb-ō, | " | scrīps-ī (for scrīb-sī). |
| rīd-eō, | " | rīs-ī (for rīd-sī). |
| sent-iō, | " | sēns-ī (for sent-sī). |
| dīc-ō, | " | dīx-ī (i.e. dīc-sī). |
a. Note that before the ending -sī a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is changed to p.
4. Without addition. Of this formation there are three types: -
a) The Verb Stem is reduplicated by prefixing the initial consonant with the following vowel or e; as, -
| currō, | Perfect | cu-currī. |
| poscō, | " | po-poscī. |
| pellō, | " | pe-pulī. |
NOTE 1. - Compounds, with the exception of dō, stō, sistō, discō, poscō, omit the reduplication. Thus: com-pulī, but re-poposcī.
NOTE 2. - Verbs beginning with sp or st retain both consonants in the reduplication, but drop s from the stem; as, spondeō, spo-pondī; stō, stetī.
b) The short vowel of the Verb Stem is lengthened; as, legō, lēgī; agō, ēgī. Note that ă by this process becomes ē.
c) The vowel of the Verb Stem is unchanged; as, vertō, vertī; minuō, minuī.
119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is derived by dropping -us, is formed: -
1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb Stem); as, -
| amā-re, | Participle | amā-tus. |
| dēlē-re, | " | dēlē-tus, |
| audī-re, | " | audī-tus, |
| leg-ere, | " | lēc-tus, |
| scrīb-ere, | " | scrīp-tus, |
| sentī-re, | " | sēn-sus (for sent-tus). |
| caed-ere, | " | cae-sus (for caed-tus). |
a. Note that g, before t, becomes c (see § 8, 5); b becomes p; while dt or tt becomes ss, which is then often simplified to s (§ 8, 2).
2. After the analogy of Participles like sēnsus and caesus, where -sus arises by phonetic change, -sus for -tus is added to other Verb Stems; as, -
| lāb-ī, | Participle | lāp-sus. |
| fīg-ere, | " | fī-xus. |
a. The same consonant changes occur in appending this ending -sus to the stem as in the case of the Perfect ending -si (see § 118, 3, a).
3. A few Verbs form the Participle in -ĭtus; as, -
| domā-re, | dom-ĭtus. |
| monē-re, | mon-ĭtus. |
4. The Future Active Participle is usually identical in its stem with the Perfect Passive Participle; as, amā-tus, amātūrus; moni-tus, monitūrus. But -
| juvā-re, | Perf. Partic. | jūtus, | has Fut. Act. Partic. | juvātūrus.[40] |
| lavā-re, | " | lautus, | " | lavātūrus. |
| par-ere, | " | partus, | " | paritūrus. |
| ru-ere, | " | rutus, | " | ruitūrus. |
| secă-re, | " | sectus, | " | secātūrus. |
| fru-ĭ, | " | frūctus, | " | fruitūrus. |
| mor-ī, | " | mortuus, | " | moritūrus. |
| orī-rī, | " | ortus, | " | oritūrus. |
LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS, WITH PRINCIPAL PARTS.
120. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
| amō | amāre | amāvī | amātus | love |
All regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model.
| pōtō | pōtāre | pōtāvī | pōtus (§ 114, 2) | drink |
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
| crepō | crepāre | crepuī | crepitūrus | rattle |
| cubō | cubāre | cubuī | cubitūrus | lie down |
| domō | domāre | domuī | domitus | tame |
| fricō | fricāre | fricuī | frictus and fricātus | rub |
| micō | micāre | micuī | - - | glitter |
| dīmicō | dīmicāre | dīmicāvī | dīmicātum (est)[41] | fight |
| ex-plicō | explicāre | explicāvī (-uī) | explicātus (-itus) | unfold |
| im-plicō | implicāre | implicāvī (-uī) | implicātus (-itus) | entwine |
| secō | secāre | secuī | sectus | cut |
| sonō | sonāre | sonuī | sonātūrus | sound |
| tonō | tonāre | tonuī | - - | thunder |
| vetō | vetāre | vetuī | vetitus | forbid |
III. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF THE STEM VOWEL.
| juvō | juvāre | jūvī | jūtus | help |
| lavō | lavāre | lāvī | lautus | wash |
IV. PERFECT REDUPLICATED.
| stō | stāre | stetī | stātūrus |
V. DEPONENTS.
These are all regular, and follow mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum.
121. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
| dēleō | dēlēre | dēlēvī | dēlētus | destroy |
| fleō | flēre | flēvī | flētus | weep, lament |
| com-pleō[42] | complēre | complēvī | complētus | fill up |
| aboleō | abolēre | abolēvī | abolitus | destroy |
| cieō[43] | ciēre | cīvī | citus | set in motion |
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
a. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itus.
| arceō | arcēre | arcuī | keep off | |
| coerceō | coercēre | coercuī | coercitus | hold in check |
| exerceō | exercēre | exercuī | exercitus | practise |
| caleō | calēre | caluī | calitūrus | be warm |
| careō | carēre | caruī | caritūrus | be without |
| doleō | dolēre | doluī | dolitūrus | grieve |
| habeō | habēre | habuī | habitus | have |
| dēbeō | dēbēre | dēbuī | dēbitus | owe |
| praebeō | praebēre | praebuī | praebitus | offer |
| jaceō | jacēre | jacuī | jacitūrus | lie |
| mereō | merēre | meruī | meritus | earn, deserve |
| moneō | monēre | monuī | monitus | advise |
| noceō | nocēre | nocuī | nocitum (est) | injure |
| pāreō | pārēre | pāruī | pāritūrus | obey |
| placeō | placēre | placuī | placitūrus | please |
| taceō | tacēre | tacuī | tacitūrus | be silent |
| terreō | terrēre | terruī | territus | frighten |
| valeō | valēre | valuī | valitūrus | be strong |
|
NOTE 1. - The following lack the Participial Stem: - |
||||
| egeō | egēre | eguī | - - | want |
| ēmineō | ēminēre | ēminuī | - - | stand forth |
| flōreō | flōrēre | flōruī | - - | bloom |
| horreō | horrēre | horruī | - - | bristle |
| lateō | latēre | latuī | - - | lurk |
| niteō | nitēre | nituī | - - | gleam |
| oleō | olēre | oluī | - - | smell |
| palleō | pallēre | palluī | - - | be pale |
| pateō | patēre | patuī | - - | lie open |
| rubeō | rubēre | rubuī | - - | be red |
| sileō | silēre | siluī | - - | be silent |
| splendeō | splendēre | splenduī | - - | gleam |
| studeō | studēre | studuī | - - | study |
| stupeō | stupēre | stupuī | - - | be amazed |
| timeō | timēre | timuī | - - | fear |
| torpeō | torpēre | torpuī | - - | be dull |
| vigeō | vigēre | viguī | - - | flourish |
| vireō | virēre | viruī | - - | be green |
| and others. | ||||
|
NOTE 2. - The following are used only in the Present System: - |
||||
| aveō | avēre | - - | - - | wish |
| frīgeō | frīgēre | - - | - - | be cold |
| immineō | imminēre | - - | - - | overhang |
| maereō | maerēre | - - | - - | mourn |
| polleō | pollēre | - - | - - | be strong |
| and others. | ||||
b. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -tus (-sus).
| cēnseō | cēnsēre | cēnsuī | cēnsus | estimate |
| doceō | docēre | docuī | doctus | teach |
| misceō | miscēre | miscuī | mixtus | mix |
| teneō | tenēre | tenuī | - - | hold |
| So contineō and sustineō; but - | ||||
| retineō | retinēre | retinuī | retentus | retain |
| obtineō | obtinēre | obtinuī | obtentus | maintain |
| torreō | torrēre | torruī | tostus | bake |
III. PERFECT IN -SĪ.
| augeō | augēre | auxī | auctus | increase |
| torqueō | torquēre | torsī | tortus | twist |
| indulgeō | indulgēre | indulsī | - - | indulge |
| lūceō | lūcēre | lūxī | - - | be light |
| lūgeō | lūgēre | lūxī | - - | mourn |
| jubeō | jubēre | jussī | jussus | order |
| per-mulceō | permulcēre | permulsī | permulsus | soothe |
| rīdeō | rīdēre | rīsī | rīsum (est) | laugh |
| suādeō | suādēre | suāsī | suāsum (est) | advise |
| abs-tergeō | abstergēre | abstersī | abstersus | wipe off |
| ārdeō | ārdēre | ārsī | ārsūrus | burn |
| haereō | haerēre | haesī | haesūrus | stick |
| maneō | manēre | mānsī | mānsūrus | stay |
| algeō | algēre | alsī | - - | be cold |
| fulgeō | fulgēre | fulsī | - - | gleam |
| urgeō | urgēre | ursī | - - | press |
IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH REDUPLICATION.
| mordeō | mordēre | momordī | morsus | bite |
| spondeō | spondēre | spopondī | spōnsus | promise |
| tondeō | tondēre | totondī | tōnsus | shear |
| pendeō | pendēre | pependī | - - | hang |
V. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
| caveō | cavēre | cāvī | cautūrus | take care |
| faveō | favēre | fāvī | fautūrus | favor |
| foveō | fovēre | fōvī | fōtus | cherish |
| moveō | movēre | mōvī | mōtus | move |
| paveō | pavēre | pāvī | - - | fear |
| sedeō | sedēre | sēdī | sessūrus | sit |
| videō | vidēre | vīdī | vīsus | see |
| voveō | vovēre | vōvī | vōtus | vow |
VI. PERFECT IN -Ī WITHOUT EITHER REDUPLICATION OR LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
| ferveō | fervēre | (fervī, ferbuī) | - - | boil |
| prandeō | prandēre | prandī | prānsus (§ 114, 2) | lunch |
| strīdeō | strīdēre | strīdī | - - | creak |
VII. DEPONENTS.
| liceor | licērī | licitus sum | bid |
| polliceor | pollicērī | pollicitus sum | promise |
| mereor | merērī | meritus sum | earn |
| misereor | miserērī | miseritus sum | pity |
| vereor | verērī | veritus sum | fear |
| fateor | fatērī | fassus sum | confess |
| cōnfiteor | cōnfitērī | cōnfessus sum | confess |
| reor | rērī | ratus sum | think |
| medeor | medērī | - - | heal |
| tueor | tuērī | - - | protect |
122. I. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN A CONSONANT.
1. Perfect in -sī.
a. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -tus.
| carpō | carpere | carpsī | carptus | pluck |
| sculpō | sculpere | sculpsī | sculptus | chisel |
| rēpō | rēpere | rēpsī | - - | creep |
| serpō | serpere | serpsī | - - | crawl |
| scribō | scribere | scrīpsī | scrīptus | write |
| nūbō | nūbere | nūpsī | nūpta (woman only) | marry |
| regō | regere | rēxī | rēctus | govern |
| tegō | tegere | tēxī | tēctus | cover |
| af-flīgō | afflīgere | afflīxī | afflīctus | shatter |
| dīcō | dīcere | dīxī | dictus | say |
| dūcō | dūcere | dūxī | ductus | lead |
| coquō | coquere | coxī | coctus | cook |
| trahō | trahere | trāxī | trāctus | draw |
| vehō | vehere | vexī | vectus | carry |
| cingō | cingere | cīnxī | cīnctus | gird |
| tingō | tingere | tīnxī | tīnctus | dip |
| jungō | jungere | jūnxī | jūnctus | join |
| fingō | fingere | fīnxī | fīctus | would |
| pingō | pingere | pīnxī | pīctus | paint |
| stringō | stringere | strīnxī | strictus | bind |
| -stinguō[44] | -stinguere | -stīnxī | -stīnctus | blot out |
| unguō | unguere | ūnxī | ūnctus | anoint |
| vīvō | vīvere | vīxī | vīctum (est) | live |
| gerō | gerere | gessī | gestus | carry |
| urō | ūrere | ussī | ūstus | burn |
| temnō | temnere | con-tempsī | con-temptus | despise |
b. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -sus.
| fīgō | fīgere | fīxī | fīxus | fasten |
| mergō | mergere | mersī | mersus | sink |
| spargō | spargere | sparsī | sparsus | scatter |
| flectō | flectere | flexī | flexus | bend |
| nectō | nectere | nexuī (nexī) | nexus | twine |
| mittō | mittere | mīsī | missus | send |
| rādō | rādere | rāsī | rāsus | shave |
| rōdō | rōdere | rōsī | rōsus | gnaw |
| vādō | vādere | -vāsī[45] | -vāsum (est)[45] | march, walk |
| lūdō | lūdere | lūsī | lūsum (est) | play |
| trūdō | trūdere | trūsī | trūsus | push |
| laedō | laedere | laesī | laesus | injure, hurt |
| claudō | claudere | clausī | clausus | close |
| plaudō | plaudere | plausī | plausum (est) | clap |
| explōdō | explōdere | explōsī | explōsus | hoot off |
| cēdō | cēdere | cessī | cessum (est) | withdraw |
| dīvidō | dīvidere | dīvīsī | dīvīsus | divide |
| premō | premere | pressī | pressus | press |
2. Perfect in -ī with Reduplication.
| ab-dō | abdere | abdidī | abditus | conceal |
| red-dō | red-dere | reddidī | redditus | return |
| So addō, condō, dēdō, perdō, prōdō, trādō, etc. | ||||
| cōn-sistō | cōnsistere | cōnstitī | - - | take one's stand |
| resistō | resistere | restitī | - - | resist |
| circumsistō | circumsistere | circumstetī | - - | surround |
| cadō | cadere | cecidī | cāsūrus | fall |
| caedō | caedere | cecīdī | caesus | kill |
| pendō | pendere | pependī | pēnsus | weigh, pay |
| tendō | tendere | tetendī | tentus | stretch |
| tundō | tundere | tutudī | tūsus, tūnsus | beat |
| fallō | fallere | fefellī | (falsus, as Adj.) | deceive |
| pellō | pellere | pepulī | pulsus | drive out |
| currō | currere | cucurrī | cursum (est) | run |
| parcō | parcere | pepercī | parsūrus | spare |
| canō | canere | cecinī | - - | sing |
| tangō | tangere | tetigī | tāctus | touch |
| pungō | pungere | pupugī | pūnctus | prick |
|
NOTE. - In the following verbs the perfects were originally reduplicated, but have lost the reduplicating syllable: - |
||||
| per-cellō | percellere | perculī | perculsus | strike down |
| findō | findere | fidī | fissus | split |
| scindō | scindere | scidī | scissus | tear apart |
| tollō | tollere | sus-tulī | sublātus | remove |
3. Perfect in -ī with Lengthening of Stem Vowel.
| agō | agere | ēgī | āctus | drive, do |
| peragō | peragere | perēgī | perāctus | finish |
| subigō | subigere | subēgī | subāctus | subdue |
| cōgō | cōgere | coēgī | coāctus | force, gather |
| frangō | frangere | frēgī | frāctus | break |
| perfringō | perfringere | perfrēgī | perfrāctus | break down |
| legō | legere | lēgī | lēctus | gather, read |
| perlegō | perlegere | perlēgī | perlēctus | read through |
| colligō | colligere | collēgī | collēctus | collect |
| dēligō | dēligere | dēlēgī | dēlēctus | choose |
| dīligō | dīligere | dīlēxī | dīlēctus | love |
| intellegō | intellegere | intellēxī | intellēctus | understand |
| neglegō | neglegere | neglēxī | neglēctus | neglect |
| emō | emere | ēmī | ēmptus | buy |
| coëmō | coëmere | coēmī | coēmptus | buy up |
| redimō | redimere | redēmī | redēmptus | buy back |
| dirimō | dirimere | dirēmī | dirēmptus | destroy |
| dēmō | dēmere | dēmpsī | dēmptus | take away |
| sūmō | sūmere | sūmpsī | sūmptus | take |
| prōmō | prōmere | prōmpsī | (prōmptus, as Adj.) | take out |
| vincō | vincere | vīcī | victus | conquer |
| re-linquō | relinquere | relīquī | relīctus | leave |
| rumpō | rumpere | rūpī | ruptus | break |
| edō | ēsse (§ 128) | ēdī | ēsus | eat |
| fundō | fundere | fūdī | fūsus | four |
4. Perfect in -ī without either Reduplication or Lengthening of Stem Vowel.
| excūdō | excūdere | excūdī | excūsus | hammer |
| cōnsīdō | cōnsīdere | cōnsēdī | - - | take one's seat |
| possīdō | possīdere | possēdī | possessus | take possession |
| accendō | accendere | accendī | accēnsus | kindle |
| a-scendō | ascendere | ascendī | ascēnsum (est) | climb |
| dē-fendō | dēfendere | dēfendī | dēfēnsus | defend |
| pre-hendō | prehendere | prehendī | prehēnsus | seize |
| īcō | īcere | īcī | ictus | strike |
| vellō | vellere | vellī | vulsus | pluck |
| vertō | vertere | vertī | versus | turn |
| pandō | pandere | pandī | passus | spread |
| solvō | solvere | solvī | solūtus | loose |
| vīsō | vīsere | vīsī | vīsus | visit |
| volvō | volvere | volvī | volūtus | roll |
| verrō | verrere | verrī | versus | sweep |
5. Perfect in -uī.
| in-cumbō | incumbere | incubuī | incubitūrus | lean on |
| gignō | gignere | genuī | genitus | bring forth |
| molō | molere | moluī | molitus | grind |
| vomō | vomere | vomuī | vomitus | vomit |
| fremō | fremere | fremuī | - - | snort |
| gemō | gemere | gemuī | - - | sigh |
| metō | metere | messuī | messus | reap |
| tremō | tremere | tremuī | - - | tremble |
| strepō | strepere | strepuī | - - | rattle |
| alō | alete | aluī | altus (alitus) | nourish |
| colō | colere | coluī | cultus | cultivate |
| incolō | incolere | incoluī | - - | inhabit |
| excolō | excolere | excoluī | excultus | perfect |
| cōnsulō | cōnsulere | cōnsuluī | cōnsultus | consult |
| cōnserō | cōnserere | cōnseruī | cōnsertus | join |
| dēserō | dēserere | dēseruī | dēsertus | desert |
| disserō | disserere | disseruī | - - | discourse |
| texō | texere | texuī | textus | weave |
6. Perfect in -vī.
| sinō | sinere | sīvī | situs | allow |
| desinō | dēsinere | dēsiī | dēsitus | cease |
| ponō | pōnere | posuī | positus | place |
| ob-linō | oblinere | oblēvī | oblitus | smear |
| serō | serere | sēvī | satus | sow |
| cōnserō | cōnserere | cōnsēvī | cōnsitus | plant |
| cernō | cernere | - - | - - | separate |
| discernō | discernere | discrēvī | discrētus | distinguish |
| dēcernō | dēcernere | dēcrēvī | dēcrētus | decide |
| spernō | spernere | sprēvī | sprētus | scorn |
| sternō | sternere | strāvī | strātus | spread |
| prō-sternō | prōsternere | prōstrāvī | prōstrātus | overthrow |
| petō | petere | petīvī (petiī) | petītus | seek |
| appetō | appetere | appetīvī | appetītus | long for |
| terō | terere | trīvī | trītus | rub |
| quaerō | quaerere | quaesīvī | quaesītus | seek |
| acquīrō | acquīrere | acquīsīvī | acquīsītus | acquire |
| arcessō | arcessere | arcessīvī | arcessītus | summon |
| capessō | capessere | capessīvī | capessītus | seize |
| lacessō | lacessere | lacessīvī | lacessītus | provoke |
7. Used only in Present System.
| angō | angere | - - | - - | choke |
| lambō | lambere | - - | - - | lick |
| claudō | claudere | - - | - - | be lame |
| furō | furere | - - | - - | rave |
| vergō | vergere | - - | - - | bend |
| and a few others. | ||||
II. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -U.
| induō | induere | induī | indūtus | put on |
| imbuō | imbuere | imbuī | imbūtus | moisten |
| luō | luere | luī | - - | wash |
| polluō | polluere | polluī | pollūtus | defile |
| minuō | minuere | minuī | minūtus | lessen |
| statuō | statuere | statuī | statūtus | set up |
| cōnstituō | cōnstituere | cōnstituī | cōnstitūtus | determine |
| suō | suere | suī | sūtus | sew |
| tribuō | tribuere | tribuī | tribūtus | allot |
| ruō | ruere | ruī | ruitūrus | fall |
| dīruō | dīruere | dīruī | dīrutus | destroy |
| obruō | obruere | obruī | obrutus | overwhelm |
| acuō | acuere | acuī | - - | sharpen |
| arguō | arguere | arguī | - - | accuse |
| congruō | congruere | congruī | - - | agree |
| metuō | metuere | metuī | - - | fear |
| ab-nuō | abnuere | abnuī | - - | decline |
| re-spuō | respuere | respuī | - - | reject |
| struō | struere | strūxī | strūctus | build |
| fluō | fluere | flūxi | (flūxus, as Adj.) | flow |
III. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -I.
| capiō | cupere | cupīvī | cupītus | wish |
| sapiō | sapere | sapīvī | - - | taste |
| rapiō | rapere | rapuī | raptus | snatch |
| dīripiō | dīripere | dīripuī | dīreptus | plunder |
| cōnspiciō | cōnspicere | cōnspexī | cōnspectus | gaze at |
| aspiciō | aspicere | aspexī | aspectus | behold |
| illiciō | illicere | illexī | illectus | allure |
| pelliciō | pellicere | pellexī | pellectus | allure |
| ēliciō | ēlicere | ēlicuī | ēlicitus | elicit |
| quatiō | quatere | - - | quassus | shake |
| concutiō | concutere | concussī | concussus | shake |
| pariō | parere | peperī | partus | bring forth |
| capiō | capere | cēpī | captus | take |
| accipiō | accipere | accēpī | acceptus | accept |
| incipiō | incipere | incēpī | inceptus | begin |
| faciō | facere | fēcī | factus | make |
| afficiō | afficere | affēcī | affectus | affect |
| Passive, afficior, afficī, affectus sum. | ||||
| So other prepositional compounds, perficiō, perficior; interficiō, interficior; etc. But - | ||||
| assuēfaciō | assuēfacere | assuēfēcī | assuēfactus | accustom |
| Passive, assuēfiō, assuēfieri, assuēfactus sum. | ||||
| So also patefaciō, patefīō; calefaciō, calefīō; and all non-prepositional compounds. | ||||
| jaciō | jacere | jēcī | jactus | hurl |
| abiciō | abicere | abjēcī | abjectus | throw away |
| fodiō | fodere | fōdī | fossus | dig |
| fugiō | fugere | fūgī | fugitūrus | flee |
| effugiō | effugere | effūgī | - - | escape |
IV. VERBS IN -SCŌ.
1. Verbs in -scō from Simple Roots.
| poscō | poscere | poposcī | - - | demand |
| discō | discere | didicī | - - | learn |
| pāscō | pāscere | pāvī | pāstus | feed |
| pāscor | pāscī | pāstus sum | graze | |
| crēscō | crēscere | crēvī | crētus | grow |
| cōnsuēscō | cōnsuēscere | cōnsuēvī | cōnsuētus | accustom one's self |
| quiēscō | quiēscere | quiēvī | quiētūrus | be still |
| adolēscō | adolēscere | adolēvi | adultus | grow up |
| obsolēscō | obsolēscerē | obsolēvī | - - | grow old |
| nōscō | nōscere | nōvī | - - | become acquainted with |
| ignōscō | ignōscere | ignōvī | ignōtūrus | pardon |
| agnōscō | agnōscere | agnōvī | agnitus | recognize |
| cognōscō | cognōscere | cognōvī | cognitus | get acquainted with |
2. Verbs in -scō formed from other Verbs.
These usually have Inchoative or Inceptive meaning (see § 155, 1). When they have the Perfect, it is the same as that of the Verbs from which they are derived.
| flōrēscō | flōrēscere | flōruī | begin to bloom | (flōreō) |
| scīscō | scīscere | scīvī | enact | (scīo) |
| ārēscō | ārēscere | āruī | become dry | (āreō) |
| calēscō | calēscere | caluī | become hot | (caleō) |
| cōnsenēscō | cōnsenēscere | cōnsenuī | grow old | (seneō) |
| extimēscō | extimēscere | extimuī | fear greatly | (timeō) |
| ingemīscō | ingemīscere | ingemuī | sigh | (gemō) |
| adhaerēscō | adhaerēscere | adhaesī | stick | (haereō) |