Bennett's New Latin Grammar is a book, now in the public domain, written by the famous Charles E. Bennett. I have made this version available online. Of course there may be errors, so use at your own risk.
146. Derivatives are formed by appending certain terminations called Suffixes to stems of verbs, nouns, or adjectives.
A. NOUNS.
147. 1. The suffix -tor (-sor), Fem. -trīx, denotes the agent; as, -
| victor, victrīx, victor; | dēfēnsor, defender. |
NOTE. - The suffix -tor is occasionally appended to noun stems; as, -
gladiātor, gladiator (from gladius).
2. The suffix -or (originally -ōs) denotes an activity or a condition; as, -
| amor, love; | timor, fear; | dolor, pain. |
3. The suffixes -tiō (-siō), Gen. -ōnis, and -tus (-sus), Gen. -ūs, denote an action as in process; as, -
vēnātiō, hunting; obsessiō, blockade; gemitus, sighing; cursus, running.
NOTE. - Rarer endings with the same force are: -
a) -tūra, -sūra; as, -
sepultūra, burial; mēnsūra, measuring.
b) -ium; as, -
gaudium, rejoicing.
c) -īdō; as, -
cupīdō, desire.
4. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -crum, -trum, -bulum, -culum, denote the means or place of an action; as, -
| lūmen (lūc-s-men), light; | vocābulum, word; | |
| ōrnāmentum, ornament; | documentum, proof; | |
| sepulcrum, grave; | arātrum, plough; | |
| vehiculum, carriage. | ||
148. 1. Diminutives end in -
| -ulus, | (-ula, | -ulum) |
| -olus, | (-ola, | -olum), after a vowel |
| -culus, | (-cula, | -culum) |
| -ellus, | (-ella, | -ellum) |
| -illus, | (-illa, | -illum) |
as, -
| nīdulus, | little nest | (nīdus); |
| virgula, | wand | (virga); |
| oppidulum, | little town | (oppidum); |
| fīliolus, | little son | (fīlius); |
| opusculum, | little work | (opus); |
| tabella, | tablet | (tabula); |
| lapillus, | pebble | (lapis). |
NOTE 1. - It will be observed that in gender the Diminutives follow the gender of the words from which they are derived.
NOTE 2. - The endings -ellus, -illus contain the primitive form of the diminutive suffix, viz., -lo-. Thus: -
| agellus, | field, | for ager-lus; |
| lapillus, | pebble, | for lapid-lus. |
2. The suffix -ium appended to nouns denoting persons designates either a collection of such persons or their function; as, -
collēgium, a corporation, body of colleagues (collēga);
sacerdōtium, priestly function (sacerdōs).
3. The suffixes -ārium, -ētum, -īle designate a place where objects are kept or are found in abundance; as, -
| columbārium, | dove-cote | (columba); |
| olīvētum, | olive-orchard | (olīva); |
| ovīle, | sheep-fold | (ovis). |
4. The suffix -ātus denotes official position or honor; as, -
cōnsulātus, consulship (cōnsul).
5. The suffix -īna appended to nouns denoting persons designates a vocation or the place where it is carried on; as, -
doctrīna, teaching (doctor, teacher);
medicīna, the art of healing (medicus, physician);
sūtrīna, cobbler's shop (sūtor, cobbler).
6. Patronymics are Greek proper names denoting son of ..., daughter of .... They have the following suffixes: -
a) Masculines: -idēs, -adēs, -īdēs; as, Priamidēs, son of Priam; Aeneadēs, son of Aeneas; Pēlīdēs, son of Peleus.
b) Feminines: -ēis, -is, -ias; as, Nērēis, daughter of Nereus; Atlantis, daughter of Atlas; Thaumantias, daughter of Thaumas.
149. The suffixes -tās (-itās), -tūdō (-itūdō), -ia, -itia are used for the formation of abstract nouns denoting qualities; as, -
bonitās, goodness; celeritās, swiftness; magnitūdō, greatness; audācia, boldness; amīcitia, friendship.
B. ADJECTIVES.
150. 1. The suffixes -bundus and -cundus give nearly the force of a present participle; as, -
| tremebundus, trembling; | jūcundus (juvō), pleasing. |
2. The suffixes -āx and -ulus denote an inclination or tendency, mostly a faulty one; as, -
| loquāx, loquacious; | crēdulus, credulous. |
3. The suffix -idus denotes a state; as, -
| calidus, hot; | timidus, timid; | cupidus, eager. |
4. The suffixes -ilis and -bilis denote capacity or ability, usually in a passive sense; as, -
fragilis, fragile (i.e. capable of being broken);
docilis, docile.
a) From Common Nouns.
151. 1. The suffixes -eus and -inus are appended to names of substances or materials; as, -
| aureus, of gold; | ferreus, of iron; | fāginus, of beech. |
2. The suffixes -ius, -icus, -īlis, -ālis, -āris, -ārius, -nus, -ānus, -īnus, -īvus, -ēnsis signify belonging to, connected with; as, -
| ōrātōrius, oratorical; | legiōnārius, legionary; | |
| bellicus, pertaining to war; | paternus, paternal; | |
| cīvīlis, civil; | urbānus, of the city; | |
| rēgālis, regal; | marīnus, marine; | |
| cōnsulāris, consular; | aestīvus, pertaining to summer; | |
| circēnsis, belonging to the circus. | ||
3. The suffixes -ōsus and -lentus denote fullness; as, -
| perīculōsus, full of danger, dangerous; |
glōriōsus, glorious; opulentus, wealthy. |
4. The suffix -tus has the force of provided with; as, -
| barbātus, bearded; | stellātus, set with stars. |
b) From Proper Names.
152. 1. Names of persons take the suffixes: -ānus, -iānus, -īnus; as, -
| Catōniānus, belonging to Cato; | Plautīnus, belonging to Plautus. |
2. Names of nations take the suffixes -icus, -ius; as, -
| Germānicus, German; | Thrācius, Thracian. |
3. Names of places take the suffixes -ānus, -īnus, -ēnsis, -aeus, -ius; as, -
| Rōmānus, Roman; | Athēniēnsis, Athenian; | |
| Amerīnus, of Ameria; | Smyrnaeus, of Smyrna; | |
| Corinthius, Corinthian. | ||
NOTE. - -ānus and -ēnsis, appended to names of countries, designate something stationed in the country or connected with it, but not indigenous; as, -
bellum Āfricānum, a war (of Romans with Romans) in Africa.
bellum Hispāniēnse, a war carried on in Spain.
legiōnes Gallicānae, (Roman) legions stationed in Gaul.
153. Diminutives in -lus sometimes occur; as, -
parvolus, little;
misellus (passer), poor little (sparrow);
pauperculus, needy.
154. These end in -ernus, -ternus, -tīnus, -tĭnus; as, -
| hodiernus, | of to-day | (hodiē); |
| hesternus, | of yesterday | (herī); |
| intestīnus, | internal | (intus); |
| diūtinus, | long-lasting | (diū). |
C. VERBS.
155. 1. INCEPTIVES OR INCHOATIVES. These end in -scō, and are formed from Present Stems. They denote the beginning of an action; as, -
| labāscō, | begin to totter | (from labō); |
| horrēscō, | grow rough | (from horreō); |
| tremēscō, | begin to tremble | (from tremō); |
| obdormīscō, | fall asleep | (from dormiō). |
2. FREQUENTATIVES OR INTENSIVES. These denote a repeated or energetic action. They are formed from the Participial Stem, and end in -tō or -sō. Those derived from verbs of the First Conjugation end in -itō (not -ātō, as we should expect). Examples of Frequentatives are -
| jactō, | toss about, brandish | (from jaciō, hurl); |
| cursō, | run hither and thither | (from currō, run); |
| volitō, | flit about | (from volō, fly). |
a. Some double Frequentatives occur; as, -
| cantitō, | sing over and over | (cantō); |
| cursitō, | keep running about | (cursō); |
| ventitō, | keep coming. |
b. agitō, set in motion, is formed from the Present Stem.
3. DESIDERATIVES. These denote a desire to do something. They are formed from the Participial Stem, and end in -uriō; as, -
| ēsuriō, | desire to eat, am hungry | (edō); |
| parturiō, | want to bring forth, am in labor | (pariō). |
156. Denominatives of the First Conjugation are mostly transitive; those of the Second exclusively intransitive. Those of the Third and Fourth Conjugations are partly transitive, partly intransitive. Examples are -
a) From Nouns: -
| fraudō, | defraud | (fraus); |
| vestiō, | clothe | (vestis); |
| flōreō, | bloom | (flōs). |
b) From Adjectives: -
| līberō, | free | (līber); |
| saeviō, | be fierce | (saevus). |
D. ADVERBS.
157. 1. Adverbs derived from verbs are formed from the Participial Stem by means of the suffix -im; as, -
| certātim, | emulously | (certō); |
| cursim, | in haste | (currō); |
| statim, | immediately | (stō). |
2. Adverbs derived from nouns and adjectives are formed: -
a) With the suffixes -tim (-sim), -ātim; as, -
gradātim, step by step;
paulātim, gradually;
virītim, man by man.
b) With the suffix -tus; as, -
antīquitus, of old;
rādīcitus, from the roots.
c) With the suffix -ter; as, -
breviter, briefly.
158. 1. Compounds are formed by the union of simple words. The second member usually contains the essential meaning of the compound; the first member expresses some modification of this.
2. Vowel changes often occur in the process of composition. Thus: -
a. In the second member of compounds. (See § 7, 1.)
b. The final vowel of the stem of the first member of the compound often appears as ĭ where we should expect ŏ or ă; sometimes it is dropped altogether, and in case of consonant stems ĭ is often inserted; as, -
signifer, standard-bearer;
tubicen, trumpeter;
magnanimus, high-minded;
mātricīda, matricide.
159. EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS.
1. Nouns: -
a) Preposition + Noun; as, -
dē-decus, disgrace;
pro-avus, great-grandfather.
b) Noun + Verb Stem; as, -
agri-cola, farmer;
frātri-cīda, fratricide.
2. Adjectives: -
a) Preposition + Adjective (or Noun); as, -
per-magnus, very great;
sub-obscūrus, rather obscure;
ā-mēns, frantic.
b) Adjective + Noun; as, -
magn-animus, great-hearted;
celeri-pēs, swift-footed.
c) Noun + Verb Stem; as, -
parti-ceps, sharing;
morti-fer, death-dealing.
3. Verbs: -
The second member is always a verb. The first may be -
a) A Noun; as, -
aedi-ficō, build.
b) An Adjective; as, -
ampli-ficō, enlarge.
c) An Adverb; as, -
male-dīcō, rail at.
d) Another Verb; as, -
cale-faciō, make warm.
e) A Preposition; as, -
ab-jungō, detach;
re-ferō, bring back;
dis-cernō, distinguish;
ex-spectō, await.
NOTE. - Here belong the so-called INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS:
ambi- (amb-), around;
dis- (dir-, di-), apart, asunder;
por-, forward;
red- (re-), back;
sēd- (sē-), apart from;
vē-, without.
4. Adverbs: -
These are of various types; as, -
anteā, before;
īlīcō (in locō), on the spot;
imprīmīs, especially;
obviam, in the way.