Bennett's New Latin Grammar


Bennett's New Latin Grammar is a book, now in the public domain, written by the famous Charles E. Bennett. I have made this version available online. Of course there may be errors, so use at your own risk.

CHAPTER II. - Conjugation.

93. A Verb is a word which asserts something; as, est, he is; amat, he loves. The Inflection of Verbs is called Conjugation.

94. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person: -

1. Two Voices, - Active and Passive.

2. Three Moods, - Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative.

3. Six Tenses, -

Present, Perfect,
Imperfect, Pluperfect,
Future, Future Perfect.

But the Subjunctive lacks the Future and Future Perfect; while the Imperative employs only the Present and Future.

4. Two Numbers, - Singular and Plural.

5. Three Persons, - First, Second, and Third.

95. These make up the so-called Finite Verb. Besides this, we have the following Noun and Adjective Forms: -

1. Noun Forms, - Infinitive, Gerund, and Supine.

2. Adjective Forms, - Participles (including the Gerundive).

96. The Personal Endings of the Verb are, -

Active. Passive.
Sing. 1. -ō; -m; -ī (Perf. Ind.); -r.
2. -s; -stī (Perf Ind.);
-tō or wanting (Impv.); 		-rīs, -re;
-re, -tor (Impv.).
3. -t; -tō (Impv.); -tur; -tor (Impv.).
Plu. 1. -mus; -mur.
2. -tis; -stis (Perf. Ind.);
-te, -tōte (Impv.); 		-minī.
3. -nt; -ērunt (Perf Ind.);
-ntō (Impv.); 		-ntur; -ntor (Impv.).

VERB STEMS.

97. Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the Stem. We distinguish three different stems in a fully inflected verb, -

I. Present Stem, from which are formed -

1. Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative,

2. Present and Imperfect Subjunctive,

3. The Imperative,

4. The Present Infinitive,

- (Active and Passive.)

5. The Present Active Participle, the Gerund, and Gerundive.

II. Perfect Stem, from which are formed -

1. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative,

2. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive,

3. Perfect Infinitive,

- (Active.)

III. Participial Stem, from which are formed -

1. Perfect Participle,

2. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative,

3. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive,

4. Perfect Infinitive,

- (Passive.)

Apparently from the same stem, though really of different origin, are the Supine, the Future Active Participle, the Future Infinitive Active and Passive.

THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

98. There are in Latin four regular Conjugations, distinguished from each other by the vowel of the termination of the Present Infinitive Active, as follows: -


CONJUGATION. 		INFINITIVE TERMINATION. DISTINGUISHING VOWEL.
I. -āre ā
II. -ēre ē
III. -ĕre ĕ
IV. -īre ī

99. PRINCIPAL PARTS. The Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and the Perfect Participle[28] constitute the Principal Parts of a Latin verb, - so called because they contain the different stems, from which the full conjugation of the verb may be derived.


CONJUGATION OF SUM.

100. The irregular verb sum is so important for the conjugation of all other verbs that its inflection is given at the outset.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. FUT. PARTIC.[29]
sum esse fuī futūrus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
sum, I am, sumus, we are,
es, thou art, estis, you are,
est, he is; sunt, they are.

IMPERFECT.
eram, I was, erāmus, we were,
erās, thou wast, erātis, you were,
erat, he was; erant, they were.

FUTURE.
erō, I shall be, erimus, we shall be,
eris, thou wilt be, eritis, you will be,
erit, he will be; erunt, they will be.

PERFECT.
fuī, I have been, I was, fuimus, we have been, we were,
fuistī, thou hast been, thou wast, fuistis, you have been, you were,
fuit, he has been, he was; fuērunt, fuēre,
they have been, they were.

PLUPERFECT.
fueram, I had been, fuerāmus, we had been,
fuerās, thou hadst been, fuerātis, you had been,
fuerat, he had been; fuerant, they had been.

FUTURE PERFECT.
fuerō, I shall have been, fuerimus, we shall have been,
fueris, thou wilt have been, fueritis, you will have been,
fuerit, he will have been; fuerint, they will have been.

SUBJUNCTIVE.[30]

PRESENT.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
sim, may I be, sīmus, let us be,
sīs, mayst thou be, sītis, be ye, may you be,
sit, let him be, may he be; sint, let them be.

IMPERFECT.
essem,[31] I should be, essēmus, we should be,
essēs,[31] thou wouldst be, essētis, you would be,
esset,[31] he would be; essent,[31] they would be.

PERFECT.
fuerim, I may have been, fuerīmus, we may have been,
fuerīs, thou mayst have been, fuerītis, you may have been,
fuerit, he may have been; fuerint, they may have been.

PLUPERFECT.
fuissem, I should have been, fuissēmus, we should have been.
fuissēs, thou wouldst have been, fuissētis, you would have been,
fuisset, he would have been; fuissent, they would have been.

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. es, be thou; este, be ye,
Fut. estō, thou shalt be, estōte, ye shall be,
estō, he shall be; suntō, they shall be.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. esse, to be.
Perf. fuisse, to have been.
Fut. futūrus esse,[32] to be about to be. Fut. futūrus,[33] about to be.

FIRST (OR Ā-) CONJUGATION.

101. Active Voice. - Amō, I love.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
amō amāre amāvī amātus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
amō, I love, amāmus, we love,
amās, you love, amātis, you love,
amat, he loves; amant, they love.

IMPERFECT.
amābam, I was loving,[34] amābāmus, we were loving,
amābās, you were loving, amābātis, you were loving,
amābat, he was loving; amābant, they were loving

FUTURE.
amābō, I shall love, amābimus, we shall love,
amābis, you will love, amābitis, you will love,
amābit, he will love; amābunt, they will love.

PERFECT.
amāvī, I have loved, I loved, amāvimus, we have loved, we loved,
amāvistī, you have loved, you loved amāvistis, you have loved, you loved,
amāvit, he has loved, he loved; amāvērunt, -ēre, they have loved, they loved.

PLUPERFECT.
amāveram, I had loved, amāverāmus, we had loved,
amāverās, you had loved, amāverātis, you had loved,
amāverat, he had loved; amāverant, they had loved.

FUTURE PERFECT.
amāverō, I shall have loved, amāverimus, we shall have loved,
amāveris, you will have loved, amāveritis, you will have loved,
amāverit, he will have loved; amāverint, they will have loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
amem, may I love, amēmus, let us love,
amēs, may you love, amētis, may you love,
amet, let him love; ament, let them love.

IMPERFECT.
amārem, I should love, amārēmus, we should love,
amārēs, you would love, amārētis, you would love,
amāret, he would love; amārent, they would love.

PERFECT.
amāverim, I may have loved, amāverīmus, we may have loved,
amāverīs, you may have loved, amāverītis, you may have loved,
amāverit, he may have loved; amāverint, they may have loved.

PLUPERFECT.
amāvissem, I should have loved, amāvīssēmus, we should have loved,
amāvissēs, you would have loved, amāvissētis, you would have loved,
amāvisset, he would have loved; amāvissent, they would have loved.

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. amā, love thou; amāte, love ye.
Fut. amātō, thou shalt love, amātōte, ye shall love,
amātō, he shall love; amantō, they shall love.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. amāre, to love. Pres. amāns,[35] loving.
Perf. amāvisse, to have loved. (Gen. amantis.)
Fut. amātūrus esse, to be about to love Fut. amātūrus, about to love.

GERUND.
SUPINE.
Gen. amandī, of loving,
Dat. amandō, for loving,
Acc. amandum, loving, Acc. amātum, to love,
Abl. amandō, by loving. Abl. amātū, to love, be loved.

102. Passive Voice. - Amor, I am loved.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
amōr amārī amātus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
I am loved.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
amor amāmur
amāris amāminī
amātur amantur

IMPERFECT
I was loved.
amābar amābāmur
amābāris, or -re amābāmini
amābātur amābantur

FUTURE.
I shall be loved.
amābor amābimur
amāberis, or -re amābiminī
amābitur amābuntur

PERFECT
I have been loved, or I was loved.
amātus (-a, -um) sum[36] amātī (-ae, -a) sumus
amātus es amātī estis
amātus est amātī sunt

PLUPERFECT.
I had been loved.
amātus eram[36] amātī erāmus
amātus erās amātī erātis
amātus erat amātī erant

FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have been loved.
amātus erō[36] amātī erimus
amātus eris amātī eritis
amātus erit amātī erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
May I be loved, let him be loved.
amer amēmur
amēris, or -re amēmini
amētur amentur

IMPERFECT.
I should be loved, he would be loved.
amārer amārēmur
amārēris, or -re amārēminī
amārētur amārentur

PERFECT.
I may have been loved.
amātus sim[37] amātī sīmus
amātus sīs amāti sītis
amātus sit amāti sint

PLUPERFECT.
I should have been loved, he would have been loved.
amātus essem[37] amātī essēmus
amātus essēs amātī essētis
amātus esset amāti essent

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. amāre,[38] be thou loved; amāminī, be ye loved.
Fut. amātor, thou shalt be loved,
amātor, he shall be loved; amantor, they shall be loved.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. amārī, to be loved.
Perf. amātus esse, to have been loved. Perfect. amātus, loved, having been loved.
Fut. amātum īrī, to be about to be loved. Gerundive. amandus, to be loved, deserving to be loved.

SECOND (OR Ē-) CONJUGATION.

103. Active voice. - Moneō, I advise.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
moneō monēre monuī monitus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
I advise.

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
moneō monēmus
monēs monētis
monet monent

IMPERFECT.
I was advising, or I advised.
monēbam monēbāmus
monēbās monēbātis
monēbat monēbant

FUTURE.
I shall advise.
monēbō monēbimus
monēbis monēbitis
monēbit monēbunt

PERFECT.
I have advised, or I advised.
monuī monuimus
monuistī monuistis
monuit monuērunt, or -ēre

PLUPERFECT.
I had advised.
monueram monuerāmus
monuerās monuerātis
monuerat monuerant

FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have advised.
monuerō monuerimus
monueris monueritis
monuerit monuerint

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
May I advise, let him advise.
moneam moneāmus
moneās moneātis
moneat moneant

IMPERFECT.
I should advise, he would advise.
monērem monērēmus
monērēs monērētis
monēret monērent

PERFECT.
I may have advised.
monuerim monuerīmus
monuerīs monuerītis
monuerit monuerint

PLUPERFECT.
I should have advised, he would have advised.
monuissem monuissēmus
monuissēs monuissētis
monuisset monuissent

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. monē, advise thou; monēte, advise ye.
Fut. monētō, thou shall advise, monētōte, ye shall advise,
monētō, he shall advise; monentō, they shall advise.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. monēre, to advise. Pres. monēns, advising.
Perf. monuisse, to have advised. (Gen. monentis.)
Fut. monitūrus esse, to be about to advise. Fut. monitūrus, about to advise.

GERUND.
SUPINE.
Gen. monendī, of advising,
Dat. monendō, for advising,
Acc. monendum, advising, Acc. monitum, to advise,
Abl. monendō, by advising. Abl. monitū, to advise, be advised.

104. Passive voice. - Moneor, I am advised.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
moneor monērī monitus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
I am advised.

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
moneor monēmur
monēris monēminī
monētur monentur

IMPERFECT.
I was advised.
monēbar monēbāmur
monēbāris, or -re monēbāminī
monēbātur monēbantur

FUTURE.
I shall be advised.
monēbor monēbimur
monēberis, or -re monēbiminī
monēbitur monēbuntur

PERFECT.
I have been advised, I was advised.
monitus sum monitī sumus
monitus es monitī estis
monitus est monitī sunt

PLUPERFECT.
I had been advised.
monitus eram monitī erāmus
monitus erās monitī erātis
monitus erat monitī erant

FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have been advised.
monitus erō monitī erimus
monitus eris monitī eritis
monitus erit monitī erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
May I be advised, let him be advised.
monear moneāmur
moneāris, or -re moneāminī
moneātur moneantur

IMPERFECT.
I should be advised, he would be advised.
monērer monērēmur
monērēris, or -re monērēminī
monērētur monērentur

PERFECT.
I may have been advised.
monitus sim monitī sīmus
monitus sīs monitī sītis
monitus sit monitī sint

PLUPERFECT.
I should have been advised, he would have been advised.
monitus essem monitī essēmus
monitus essēs monitī essētis
monitus esset monitī essent

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. monēre, be thou advised; monēminī, be ye advised.
Fut. monētor, thou shalt be advised,
monētor, he shall be advised. monentor, they shall be advised.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. monērī, to be advised. Perfect. monitus, advised, having been advised.
Perf. monitus esse, to have been advised
Fut. monitum īrī, to be about to be advised. Gerundive. monendus, to be advised, deserving to be advised.

THIRD (OR CONSONANT-) CONJUGATION.

105. Active Voice. - Regō, I rule.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
regō regere rēxī rēctus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
I rule

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
regō regimus
regis regitis
regit regunt

IMPERFECT.
I was ruling, or I ruled.
regēbam regēbāmus
regēbās regēbātis
regēbat regēbant

FUTURE.
I shall rule.
regam regēmus
regēs regētis
reget regent

PERFECT.
I have ruled, or I ruled
rēxī rēximus
rēxistī rēxistis
rēxit rēxērunt, or -ēre

PLUPERFECT.
I had ruled.
rēxeram rēxerāmus
rēxerās rēxerātis
rēxerat rēxerant

FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have ruled.
rēxerō rēxerimus
rēxeris rēxeritis
rēxerit rēxerint

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
May I rule, let him rule.
regam regāmus
regās regātis
regat regant

IMPERFECT.
I should rule, he would rule.
regerem regerēmus
regerēs regerētis
regeret regerent

PERFECT.
I may have ruled.
rēxerim rēxerīmus
rēxerīs rēxerītis
rēxerit rēxerint

PLUPERFECT.
I should have ruled, he would have ruled.
rēxissem rēxissēmus
rēxissēs rēxissētis
rēxisset rēxissent

IMPERATIVE.
rege, rule thou; regite, rule ye.
regitō, thou shall rule, regitōte, ye shall rule,
regitō, he shall rule; reguntō, they shall rule.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
regere, to rule. Pres. regēns, ruling.
rēxisse, to have ruled. (Gen. regentis.)
rēctūrus esse, to be about to rule Fut. rēctūrus, about to rule.

GERUND.
SUPINE.
regendī, of ruling,
regendō, for ruling,
regendum, ruling, Acc. rēctum, to rule,
regendō, by ruling. Abl. rēctū, to rule, be ruled.

106. Passive Voice. - Regor, I am ruled.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
regor regī rēctus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
I am ruled.

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
regor regimur
regeris regiminī
regitur reguntur

IMPERFECT.
I was ruled.
regēbar regēbāmur
regēbāris, or -re regēbāminī
regēbātur regēbantur

FUTURE.
I shall be ruled.
regar regēmur
regēris, or -re regēminī
regētur regentur

PERFECT.
I have been ruled, or I was ruled.
rēctus sum rēctī sumus
rēctus es rēctī estis
rēctus est rēctī sunt

PLUPERFECT.
I had been ruled.
rēctus eram rēctī erāmus
rēctus erās rēctī erātis
rēctus erat rēctī erant

FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have been ruled
rēctus erō rēctī erimus
rēctus eris rēctī eritis
rēctus erit rēctī erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
May I be ruled, let him be ruled.
regar regāmur
regāris, or -re regāminī
regātur regantur

IMPERFECT.
I should be ruled, he would be ruled.
regerer regerēmur
regerēris, or -re regerēminī
regerētur regerentur

PERFECT.
I may have been ruled.
rēctus sim rēctī sīmus
rēctus sīs rēctī sītis
rēctus sit rēctī sint

PLUPERFECT.
I should have been ruled, he would have been ruled.
rēctus essem rēctī essēmus
rēctus essēs rectī essētis
rēctus esset rectī essent

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. regere, be thou ruled; regiminī, be ye ruled.
Fut. regitor, thou shalt be ruled,
regitor, he shall be ruled; reguntor, they shall be ruled.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. regī, to be ruled. Perfect. rēctus, ruled, having been ruled.
Perf. rēctus esse, to have been ruled. Gerundive. regendus, to be ruled, deserving to be ruled.
Fut. rēctum īrī, to be about to be ruled.

FOURTH (OR Ī-) CONJUGATION.

107. Active voice. - Audiō, I hear.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
audiō audīre audīvī audītus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
I hear.

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
audiō audīmus
audīs audītis
audit audiunt

IMPERFECT.
I was hearing, or I heard.
audiēbam audiēbāmus
audiēbās audiēbātis
audiēbat audiēbant

FUTURE.
I shall hear.
audiam audiēmus
audiēs audiētis
audiet audient

PERFECT.
I have heard, or I heard.
audīvī audīvimus
audīvistī audīvistis
audīvit audīvērunt, or -ēre

PLUPERFECT.
I had heard.
audīveram audīverāmus
audīverās audīverātis
audīverat audīverant

FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have heard.
audīverō audīverimus
audīveris audīveritis
audīverit audīverint

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
May I hear, let him hear.
audiam audiāmus
audiās audiātis
audiat audiant

IMPERFECT.
I should hear, he would hear.
audīrem audīrēmus
audīrēs audīrētis
audīret audīrent

PERFECT.
I may have heard.
audīverim audīverīmus
audīverīs audīverītis
audīverit audīverint

PLUPERFECT.
I should have heard, he would have heard.
audīvissem audīvissēmus
audīvissēs audīvissētis
audīvisset audīvissent

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. audī, hear thou; audīte, hear ye.
Fut. audītō, thou shalt hear, audītōte, ye shall hear,
audītō, he shall hear; audiuntō, they shall hear.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. audīre, to hear. Pres. audiēns, hearing.
Perf. audīvisse, to have heard. (Gen. audientis.)
Fut. audītūrus esse, to be about to hear. Fut. audītūrus, about to hear.

GERUND.
SUPINE
Gen. audiendī, of hearing,
Dat. audiendō, for hearing,
Acc. audiendum, hearing, Acc. audītum, to hear,
Abl. audiendō, by hearing. Abl. audītū, to hear, be heard.

108. Passive Voice. - Audior, I am heard.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
audior audīrī audītus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
I am heard.

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
audior audīmur
audīris audīminī
audītur audiuntur

IMPERFECT.
I was heard.
audiēbar audiēbāmur
audiēbāris, or -re audiēbāminī
audiēbātur audiēbantur

FUTURE.
I shall be heard.
audiar audiēmur
audiēris, or -re audiēminī
audiētur audientur

PERFECT.
I have been heard, or I was heard.
audītus sum audītī sumus
audītus es audītī estis
audītus est audītī sunt

PLUPERFECT.
I had been heard.
audītus eram audītī erāmus
audītus erās audītī erātis
audītus erat audītī erant

FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have been heard.
audītus erō audītī erimus
audītus eris audītī eritis
audītus erit audītī erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
May I be heard, let him be heard.
audiar audiāmur
audiāris, or -re audiāminī
audiātur audiantur

IMPERFECT.
I should be heard, he would be heard.
audīrer audīrēmur
audīrēris, or -re audirēminī
audīrētur audīrentur

PERFECT.
I may have been heard.
audītus sim audītī sīmus
audītus sīs audītī sītis
audītus sit audītī sint

PLUPERFECT.
I should have been heard, he would have been heard.
audītus essem audītī essēmus
audītus essēs audītī essētis
audītus esset audītī essent

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. audīre, be thou heard; audīminī, be ye heard.
Fut. audītor, thou shalt be heard,
audītor, he shall be heard; audiuntor, they shall be heard.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. audīrī, to be heard. Perfect. audītus, heard, having been heard
Perf. audītus esse, to have been heard. Gerundive. audiendus, to be heard, deserving to be heard
Fut. audītum īrī, to be about to be heard.

VERBS IN -IŌ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.

109. 1. Verbs in -iō of the Third Conjugation take the endings of the Fourth Conjugation wherever the latter endings have two successive vowels. This occurs only in the Present System.

2. Here belong -

a) capiō, to take; cupiō, to desire; faciō, to make; fodiō, to dig; fugiō, to flee; jaciō, to throw; pariō, to bear; quatiō, to shake; rapiō, to seize; sapiō, to taste.

b) Compounds of laciō and speciō (both ante-classical); as, alliciō, entice; cōnspiciō, behold.

c) The deponents gradior, to go; morior, to die, patior, to suffer.

110. Active voice. - Capiō, I take.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
capiō, capis, capit; capimus, capitis, capiunt.

IMPERFECT.
capiēbam, -iēbās, -iēbat; capiēbāmus, -iēbātis, -iēbant.

FUTURE.
capiam, -iēs, -iet; capiēmus, -iētis, -ient.

PERFECT.
cēpī, -istī, -it; cēpimus, -istis, -ērunt or -ēre.

PLUPERFECT.
cēperam, -erās, -erat; cēperāmus, -erātis, -erant.

FUTURE PERFECT.
cēperō, -eris, -erit; cēperimus, -eritis, -erint.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
capiam, -iās, -iat; capiāmus, -iātis, -iant.

IMPERFECT.
caperem, -erēs, -eret; caperēmus, -erētis, -erent.

PERFECT.
cēperim, -eris, -erit; cēperīmus, -erītis, -erint.

PLUPERFECT.
cēpissem, -issēs, -isset; cēpissēmus, -issētis, -issent.

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. cape; capite.
Fut. capitō, capitōte,
capitō; capiuntō.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. capere Pres. capiēns.
Perf. cēpisse.
Fut. captūrus esse. Fut. captūrus.

GERUND.
SUPINE.
Gen. capiendī,
Dat. capiendō,
Acc. capiendum, Acc. captum,
Abl. capiendō. Abl. captū.

111. Passive Voice. - Capior, I am taken.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
capior, capī, captus sum.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
capior, caperis, capitur; capimur, capiminī, capiuntur.

IMPERFECT.
capiēbar, -iēbāris, -iēbātur; capiēbāmur, -iēbāminī, -iēbantur.

FUTURE.
capiar, -iēris, -iētur; capiēmur, -iēminī, -ientur.

PERFECT.
captus sum, es, est; captī sumus, estis, sunt.

PLUPERFECT.
captus eram, erās, erat; captī erāmus, erātis, erant.

FUTURE PERFECT.
captus erō, eris, erit; captī erimus, eritis, erunt.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
capiar, -iāris, -iātur; capiāmur, -iāminī, -iantur.

IMPERFECT.
caperer, -erēris, -erētur; caperēmur, -erēminī, -erentur.

PERFECT.
captus sim, sīs, sit; captī sīmus, sītis, sint.

PLUPERFECT.
captus essem, essēs, esset; captī essēmus, essētis, essent.

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. capere; capiminī.
Fut. capitor,
capitor; capiuntor.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. capī.
Perf. captus esse. Perfect. captus.
Fut. captum īrī. Gerundive. capiendus.

DEPONENT VERBS.

112. Deponent Verbs have in the main Passive forms with Active or Neuter meaning. But -

a. They have the following Active forms: Future Infinitive, Present and Future Participles, Gerund, and Supine.

b. They have the following Passive meanings: always in the Gerundive, and sometimes in the Perfect Passive Participle; as -

sequendus, to be followed; adeptus, attained.

113. Paradigms of Deponent Verbs are -

I. Conj. mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum, admire.
II. Conj. vereor, vererī, veritus sum, fear.
III. Conj. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow.
IV. Conj. largior, largīrī, largītus sum, give.
III. (in -ior) patior, patī, passus sum, suffer.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
I. II. III. IV. III (in -ior)
Pres. mīror vereor sequor largior patior
mīrāris verēris sequeris largiris pateris
mīrātur verētur sequitur largītur patitur
mīramur verēmur sequimur largīmur patimur
mīrāminī verēminī sequiminī largīminī patiminī
mīrantur verentur sequuntur largiuntur patiuntur
Impf. mīrābar verēbar sequēbar largiēbar patiēbar
Fut. mīrābor verēbor sequar largiar patiar
Perf. mirātus sum veritus sum secūtus sum largītus sum passus sum
Plup. mīrātus eram veritus eram secūtus eram largītus eram passus eram
F.P. mīrātus erō veritus erō secūtus erō largītus erō passus erō

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. mīrer verear sequar largiar patiar
Impf. mīrārer verērer sequerer largīrer paterer
Perf. mīrātus sim veritus sim secūtus sim largītus sim passus sim
Plup. mīrātus essem veritus essem sectūtus essem largītus essem passus essem

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. mīrāre, etc. verēre, etc. sequere, etc. largīre, etc. patere, etc.
Fut. mīrātor, etc. verētor, etc. sequitor, etc. largītor, etc. patitor, etc.

INFINITIVE.
Pres. mīrāri verērī sequī largīrī patī
Perf. mīrātus esse veritus esse secūtus esse largītus esse passus esse
Fut. mīrātūrus esse veritūrus esse secūtūrus esse largītūrus esse passūrus esse

PARTICIPLES.
Pres. mīrāns verēns sequēns largiēns patiēns
Fut. mīrātūrus veritūrus secūtūrus largitūrus passūrus
Perf. mīrātus veritus secūtus largitus passus
Ger. mīrandus verendus sequendus largiendus patiendus

GERUND.
mīrandī verendī sequendī largiendī patiendī
mirandō, etc. verendō, etc. sequendō, etc. largiendō, etc. patiendō, etc.

SUPINE.
mīrātum, -tū veritum, -tū secūtum, -tū largītum, -tū passum, -sū

SEMI-DEPONENTS.

114. 1. Semi-Deponents are verbs which have the Present System in the Active Voice, but the Perfect System in the Passive without change of meaning. Here belong -

audeō, audēre, ausus sum, to dare.
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum, to rejoice.
soleō, solēre, solitus sum, to be wont.
fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum, to trust.

2. The following verbs have a Perfect Passive Participle with Active meaning: -

adolēscō, grow up; adultus, having grown up,
cēnāre, dine; cēnātus, having dined.
placēre, please; placitus, having pleased, agreeable.
prandēre, lunch; prānsus, having lunched.
pōtāre, drink; pōtus, having drunk.
jūrāre, swear; jūrātus, having sworn.

a. Jūrātus is used in a passive sense also.

3. Revertor and dēvertor both regularly form their Perfect in the Active Voice; viz. -

revertor, revertī (Inf.), revertī (Perf.), to return.
dēvertor, dēvertī (Inf.), dēvertī (Perf.), to turn aside.

FOOTNOTES

[28] Where the Perfect Participle is not in use, the Future Active Participle, if it occurs, is given as one of the Principal Parts.

[29] The Perfect Participle is wanting in sum.

[30] The meanings of the different tenses of the Subjunctive are so many and so varied, particularly in subordinate clauses, that no attempt can be made to give them here. For fuller information the pupil is referred to the Syntax.

[31] For essem, essēs, esset, essent, the forms forem, forēs, foret, forent are sometimes used.

[32] For futūrus esse, the form fore is often used.

[33] Declined like bonus, -a, -um.

[34] The Imperfect also means I loved.

[35] For declension of amāns, see § 70, 3.

[36] Fuī, fuistī, etc., are sometimes used for sum, es, etc. So fueram, fuerās, etc., for eram, etc.; fuerō, etc., for erō, etc.

[37] Fuerim, etc., are sometimes used for sim; so fuissem, etc., for essem.

[38] In actual usage passive imperatives occur only in deponents (§ 112).








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