Bennett's New Latin Grammar is a book, now in the public domain, written by the famous Charles E. Bennett. I have made this version available online. Of course there may be errors, so use at your own risk.
242. 1. The Personal Pronouns as subjects of verbs are, as a rule, not expressed except for the purpose of emphasis, contrast, or clearness. Thus ordinarily: -
videō, I see; amat, he loves.
But ego tē videō, et tū mē vidēs, I see you, and you see me.
2. The Genitives meī, tuī, nostrī, vestrī are used only as Objective Genitives; nostrum and vestrum as Genitives of the Whole. Thus: -
memor tuī, mindful of you;
dēsīderium vestrī, longing for you;
nēmō vestrum, no one of you.
a. But nostrum and vestrum are regularly used in the place of the Possessive in the phrases omnium nostrum, omnium vestrum.
3. The First Plural is often used for the First Singular of Pronouns and Verbs. Compare the Eng. editorial 'we.'
4. When two Verbs govern the same object, the Latin does not use a pronoun with the second, as is the rule in English. Thus: -
virtūs amīcitiās conciliat et cōnservat, virtue establishes friendships and maintains them (not eās cōnservat).
243. 1. The Possessive Pronouns, as a rule, are not employed except for the purpose of clearness. Thus: -
patrem amō, I love my father;
dē fīliī morte flēbās, you wept for the death of your son.
But -
dē morte fīliī meī flēbās, you wept for the death of my son.
a. When expressed merely for the sake of clearness, the possessive usually stands after its noun; but in order to indicate emphasis or contrast, it precedes; as, -
suā manū līberōs occīdit, with his own hand he slew his children;
meā quidem sententiā, in my opinion at least.
2. Sometimes the Possessive Pronouns are used with the force of an Objective Genitive; as, -
metus vester, fear of you;
dēsīderium tuum, longing for you.
3. For special emphasis, the Latin employs ipsīus or ipsōrum, in apposition with the Genitive idea implied in the Possessive; as, -
meā ipsīus operā, by my own help;
nostrā ipsōrum operā, by our own help.
a. So sometimes other Genitives; as, -
meā ūnīus operā, by the assistance of me alone.
244. 1. The Reflexive Pronoun sē and the Possessive Reflexive suus have a double use: -
I. They may refer to the subject of the clause (either principal or subordinate) in which they stand, - 'Direct Reflexives'; as, -
sē amant, they love themselves;
suōs amīcōs adjuvāt, he helps his own friends;
eum ōrāvī, ut sē servāret, I besought him to save himself.
II. They may stand in a subordinate clause and refer to the subject of the principal clause, - 'Indirect Reflexives'; as, -
mē ōrāvit ut sē dēfenderem, he besought me to defend him (lit. that I defend himself);
mē ōrāvērunt, ut fortūnārum suārum dēfēnsiōnem susciperem, they besought me to undertake the defense of their fortunes.
a. The Indirect Reflexive is mainly restricted to those clauses which express the thought, not of the author, but of the subject of the principal clause.
2. The Genitive suī is regularly employed, like meī and tuī, as an Objective Genitive, e.g. oblītus suī, forgetful of himself; but it occasionally occurs - particularly in post-Augustan writers - in place of the Possessive suus; as, fruitur fāmā suī, he enjoys his own fame.
3. Sē and suus are sometimes used in the sense, one's self, one's own, where the reference is not to any particular person; as, -
sē amāre, to love one's self;
suum genium propitiāre, to propitiate one's own genius.
4. Suus sometimes occurs in the meaning his own, their own, etc., referring not to the subject but to an oblique case; as, -
Hannibalem suī cīvēs ē cīvitāte ējēcērunt, his own fellow-citizens drove out Hannibal.
a. This usage is particularly frequent in combination with quisque; as, -
suus quemque error vexat, his own error troubles each.
5. The Reflexives for the first and second persons are supplied by the oblique cases of ego and tū (§ 85); as, -
vōs dēfenditis, you defend yourselves.
245. 1. The Latin has no special reciprocal pronoun ('each other'), but expresses the reciprocal notion by the phrases: inter nōs, inter vōs, inter sē; as, -
Belgae obsidēs inter sē dedērunt, the Belgae gave each other hostages (lit. among themselves);
amāmus inter nōs, we love each other;
Gallī inter sē cohortātī sunt, the Gauls exhorted each other.
a. Note that the Object is not expressed in sentences of this type.
246. 1. Where hīc and ille are used in contrast, hīc usually refers to the latter of two objects, and ille to the former.
2. Hīc and ille are often used in the sense of 'the following'; as, -
Themistoclēs hīs verbīs epistulam mīsit, Themistocles sent a letter (couched) in the following words;
illud intellegō, omnium ōra in mē conversa esse, I understand this, that the faces of all are turned toward me.
3. Ille often means the famous; as, Solōn ille, the famous Solon.
4. Iste frequently involves contempt; as, iste homō, that fellow!
5. The above pronouns, along with is, are usually attracted to the gender of a predicate noun; as, hīc est honor, meminisse officium suum, this is an honor, to be mindful of one's duty.
247. 1. Is often serves as the antecedent of the relative quī. Thus: -
Maximum, eum quī Tarentum recēpit, dīlēxī, I loved Maximus, the man who retook Tarentum.
a. Closely akin to this usage is is in the sense of such (= tālis); as, -
nōn sum is quī terrear, I am not such a person as to be frightened.
b. Note the phrase id quod, where id stands in apposition with an entire clause; as, -
nōn suspicābātur (id quod nunc sentiet) satis multōs testēs nōbīs reliquōs esse, he did not suspect (a thing which he will now perceive) that we had witnesses enough left.
Yet quod alone, without preceding id, sometimes occurs in this use.
2. Is also in all cases serves as the personal pronoun of the third person, 'he,' 'she,' 'it,' 'they,' 'them.'
3. When the English uses 'that of,' 'those of,' to avoid repetition of the noun, the Latin omits the pronoun: as, -
in exercitū Sullae et posteā in Crassī fuerat, he had been in the army of Sulla and afterward in that of Crassus;
nūllae mē fābulae dēlectant nisi Plautī, no plays delight me except those of Plautus.
4. Note the phrases et is, et ea, etc., in the sense: and that too; as, -
vincula, et ea sempiterna, imprisonment, and that too permanently.
248. 1. Īdem in apposition with the subject or object often has the force of also, likewise; as, -
quod idem mihi contigit, which likewise happened to me (lit. which, the same thing);
bonus vir, quem eundem sapientem appellāmus, a good man, whom we call also wise.
For īdem atque (ac), the same as, see § 341, 1. c.
249. 1. Ipse, literally self, acquires its special force from the context; as, -
eō ipsō diē, on that very day;
ad ipsam rīpam, close to the bank;
ipsō terrōre, by mere fright;
valvae sē ipsae aperuērunt, the doors opened of their own accord;
ipse aderat, he was present in person.
2. The reflexive pronouns are often emphasized by the addition of ipse, but ipse in such cases, instead of standing in apposition with the reflexive, more commonly agrees with the subject; as, -
sēcum ipsī loquuntur, they talk with themselves;
sē ipse continēre nōn potest, he cannot contain himself
3. Ipse is also used as an Indirect Reflexive for the purpose of marking a contrast or avoiding an ambiguity; as, -
Persae pertimuērunt nē Alcibiadēs ab ipsīs dēscīsceret et cum suīs in grātiam redīret, the Persians feared that Alcibiades would break with them and become reconciled with his countrymen;
ea molestissimē ferre dēbent hominēs quae ipsōrum culpā contrācta sunt, men ought to chafe most over those things which have been brought about by their own fault (as opposed to the fault of others).
250. Agreement. 1. The Relative Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in Gender, Number, and Person, but its case is determined by its construction in the clause in which it stands; as, -
mulier quam vidēbāmus, the woman whom we saw;
bona quibus fruimur, the blessings which we enjoy.
2. Where the antecedent is compound, the same principles for number and gender prevail as in case of predicate adjectives under similar conditions (see § 235, B, 2). Thus: -
pater et fīlius, qui captī sunt, the father and son who were captured;
stultitia et timiditās quae fugienda sunt, folly and cowardice which must be shunned;
honōrēs et victōriae quae sunt fortuīta, honors and victories, which are accidental.
3. The Relative regularly agrees with a predicate noun (either Nominative or Accusative) instead of its antecedent; as, -
carcer, quae lautumiae vocantur, the prison, which is called Lautumiae;
Belgae, quae est tertia pars, the Belgians, who are the third part.
4. Sometimes the Relative takes its gender and number from the meaning of its antecedent; as, -
pars quī bēstiīs objectī sunt, a part (of the men) who were thrown to beasts.
5. Occasionally the Relative is attracted into the case of its antecedent; as, -
nātus eō patre quō dīxī, born of the father that I said.
251. Antecedent. 1. The antecedent of the Relative is sometimes omitted; as, -
quī nātūram sequitur sapiēns est, he who follows Nature is wise.
2. The antecedent may be implied in a possessive pronoun (or rarely an adjective); as, -
nostra quī remānsimus caedēs, the slaughter of us who remained;
servīlī tumultū, quōs ūsus ac disciplīna sublevārunt, at the uprising of the slaves, whom experience and discipline assisted (servīlī = servōrum).
3. Sometimes the antecedent is repeated with the Relative; as, -
erant itinera duo, quibus itineribus, there were two routes, by which (routes).
4. Incorporation of Antecedent in Relative Clause. The antecedent is often incorporated in the relative clause. Thus: -
a) When the relative clause stands first; as, -
quam quisque nōvit artem, in hāc sē exerceat, let each one practice the branch which he knows.
b) When the antecedent is an appositive; as, -
nōn longē ā Tolōsātium fīnibus absunt, quae cīvitās est in prōvinciā, they are not far from the borders of the Tolosates, a state which is in our province.
c) When the logical antecedent is a superlative; as, -
Themistoclēs dē servīs suīs, quem habuit fidēlissimum, mīsit, Themistocles sent the most trusty slave he had.
d) In expressions of the following type -
quā es prūdentiā; quae tua est prūdentia, such is your prudence (lit. of which prudence you are; which is your prudence).
5. The Relative is never omitted in Latin as it is in English. Thus the boy I saw must be puer quem vīdī.
6. The Relative is used freely in Latin, particularly at the beginning of a sentence, where in English we employ a demonstrative; as, -
quō factum est, by this it happened;
quae cum ita sint, since this is so;
quibus rēbus cognitīs, when these things became known.
7. The Relative introducing a subordinate clause may belong grammatically to a clause which is subordinate to the one it introduces; as, -
numquam dignē satis laudārī philosophia poterit, cui quī pāreat, omne tempus aetātis sine molestiā possit dēgere, philosophy can never be praised enough, since he who obeys her can pass every period of life without annoyance (lit. he who obeys which, etc.).
Here cui introduces the subordinate clause possit and connects it with philosophia; but cui is governed by pāreat, which is subordinate to possit.
252. 1. Quis, any one, is the weakest of the Indefinites, and stands usually in combination with sī, nisi, nē, num; as, -
sī quis putat, if any one thinks.
2. Aliquis (adj. aliquī) is more definite than quis, and corresponds usually to the English some one, somebody, some; as, -
nunc aliquis dīcat mihī, now let somebody tell me;
utinam modo agātur aliquid, oh that something may be done.
3. Quīdam, a certain one, is still more definite than aliquis; as, -
homō quīdam, a certain man (i.e., one whom I have in mind).
a. Quīdam (with or without quasi, as if) is sometimes used in the sense: a sort of, kind of; as, -
cognātiō quaedam, a sort of relationship;
mors est quasi quaedam migrātiō, death is a kind of transfer as it were.
4. Quisquam, any one, any one whoever (more general than quis), and its corresponding adjective ūllus, any, occur mostly in negative and conditional sentences, in interrogative sentences implying a negative, and in clauses of comparison; as, -
jūstitia numquam nocet cuiquam, justice never harms anybody;
sī quisquam, Catō sapiēns fuit, if anybody was ever wise, Cato was;
potestne quisquam sine perturbātiōne animī īrāscī, can anybody be angry without excitement?
sī ūllō modō poterit, if it can be done in any way;
taetrior hīc tyrannus fuit quam quisquam superiōrum, he was a viler tyrant than any of his predecessors.
5. Quisque, each one, is used especially under the following circumstances: -
a) In connection with suus. See § 244, 4, a.
b) In connection with a Relative or Interrogative Pronoun; as, -
quod cuique obtigit, id teneat, what falls to each, that let him hold.
c) In connection with superlatives; as, -
optimus quisque, all the best (lit. each best one).
d) With ordinal numerals; as, -
quīntō quōque annō, every four years (lit. each fifth year).
6. Nēmō, no one, in addition to its other uses, stands regularly with adjectives used substantively; as, -
nēmō mortālis, no mortal;
nēmō Rōmānus, no Roman.
253. 1. Alius, another, and alter, the other, are often used correlatively; as, -
aliud loquitur, aliud sentit, he says one thing, he thinks another;
aliī resistunt, aliī fugiunt, some resist, others flee;
alter exercitum perdidit, alter vēndidit, one ruined the army, the other sold it;
alterī sē in montem recēpērunt, alterī ad impedīmenta sē contulērunt, the one party retreated to the mountain, the others betook themselves to the baggage.
2. Where the English says one does one thing, another another, the Latin uses a more condensed form of statement; as, -
alius aliud amat, one likes one thing, another another;
aliud aliīs placet, one thing pleases some, another others.
a. So sometimes with adverbs; as, -
aliī aliō fugiunt, some flee in one direction, others in another.
3. The Latin also expresses the notion 'each other' by means of alius repeated; as, -
Gallī alius alium cohortātī sunt, the Gauls encouraged each other.
4. Cēterī means the rest, all the others; as, -
cēterīs praestāre, to be superior to all the others.
5. Reliquī means the others in the sense of the rest, those remaining, - hence is the regular word with numerals; as, -
reliquī sex, the six others.
6. Nescio quis forms a compound indefinite pronoun with the force of some one or other; as, -
causidicus nescio quis, some pettifogger or other;
mīsit nescio quem, he sent some one or other;
nescio quō pactō, somehow or other.